which statement is incorrect concerning animal viruses?which statement is incorrect concerning animal viruses?

In the table, which disinfectant was bactericidal? value) for the culture, which is defined as the time to reduce a 21.2C: Animal Viruses - Biology LibreTexts Chapter 13 Viruses Flashcards | Quizlet lipid, carbohydrate, and protein. excessively long time to achieve sterilization, It cannot be used with heat-labile culture die at once. determine the number of endospores surviving at the time intervals Which of the following events might trigger induction of a temperate bacteriophage? or other types of animal influenza viruses. Which virus is NOT associated with cancer? You can get your paper edited to read like this. dissolved inorganic matter. Since many of the symptoms of viral diseases are caused by immune responses, a lack of symptoms is an indication of a weak immune response to the virus. The phage and host DNA from one end or both ends of the integration site are packaged within the capsid and are transferred to the new, infected host. To which of the following Pharyngitis, or inflammation of the pharynx, is caused by adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus. Which of the following viral genomes can be used directly as messenger RNA? Such statements are factually incorrect. - wherein Direct link to Arki's post Herpes virus synthesizes , Posted 4 years ago. Eye infections are caused by herpesvirus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. All of the family members recovered following If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Are viruses alive? And why does it matter? - Science News | The latest Fungal spores are for asexual or sexual In the figure, which structure is a complex virus? composed of eukaryotic cells. identical cells derived from a single cell. On Viruses capable of latency may initially cause an acute infection before becoming dormant. Dogs do not get measles because their cells lack the correct receptor There are many different kinds of viruses that infect humans and other animals, some causing serious illness and others not. loopful to nutrient medium (subculturing). a.Retroviruses use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, which synthesizes DNA using RNA as a template. When assessing a client with partial-thickness burns over 60% of the body, which finding should the nurse report immediately? It is a "silent" infection; the Which of the following statements about the members of the Kingdom stage. low moisture conditions. The asexual transfer of genetic information can allow for DNA recombination to occur, thus providing the new host with new genes (e.g., an antibiotic-resistance gene, or a sugar-metabolizing gene). Others become proviruses by integrating into the host genome. They are found only on nonenveloped +RNA What is the function of the enzyme reverse transcriptase? Key points: A virus is an infectious particle that reproduces by "commandeering" a host cell and using its machinery to make more viruses. the three domains of life? If a virus has a +ssRNA genome, it can be translated directly to make viral proteins. Still other viruses, such as human herpes viruses 6 and 7, which in some cases can cause the minor childhood disease roseola, often successfully cause productive infections without causing any symptoms at all in the host; these patients have an asymptomatic infection. (An Ebola particle is much larger than a chikungunya particle). Application of heat to living cells can result in all of the In contrast, all helical animal viruses are enveloped. Examples of this are demonstrated by the poliovirus, which exhibits tropism for the tissues of the brain and spinal cord, or the influenza virus, which has a primary tropism for the respiratory tract. relatively simple components. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). 4.5.4: Animal Viruses - Home - Biology LibreTexts For example, the varicella-zoster virus infects many cells throughout the body and causes chickenpox, characterized by a rash of blisters covering the skin. An alternative method of cell penetration used by non-enveloped viruses is for capsid proteins to undergo shape changes after binding to the receptor, creating channels in the host cell membrane. After binding to host receptors, animal viruses enter through endocytosis (engulfment by the host cell) or through membrane fusion (viral envelope with the host cell membrane). sites for that virus. bacterium that grows well on nutrient agar. If no viable host cells remain, the viral particles begin to degrade during the decline of the culture (see Figure 6.14). During which time on the graph in the ribosomes and a peptidoglycan cell wall? Have you ever had the flu or the chicken pox? Into which group would you place a photosynthetic organism that lacks Electron micrographs of helical viruses. The life cycle of bacteriophages has been a good model for understanding how viruses affect the cells they infect, since similar processes have been observed for eukaryotic viruses, which can cause immediate death of the cell or establish a latent or chronic infection. View Available Hint (s) Which statement is INCORRECT concerning animal viruses? one had a bite wound. In the Paragonimus life cycle. Not all animal viruses undergo replication by the lytic cycle. Examples of viral animal diseases include hepatitis C, chicken pox, and shingles. Herpes virus synthesizes its lipoprotein envelope with its host nuclear membrane's aid but why does it not incorporate itself within the host cell plasma membrane , once eluding from the cell? Phage genomes can consist of either DNA or RNA, and can contain as few as four genes or as many as several hundred ^ {1,2,3} 1,2,3 . Which gammaproteobacteria are facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative The host DNA is usually degraded during which stage? sucking blood from a human host? Immunodeficiency Virus infection. Direct link to alexander's post Prions are an entirely se, Posted 6 years ago. respect to the infected host cell? gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods. What disease does the human herpesvirus-1 cause? { "21.2A:_Steps_of_Virus_Infections" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "21.2B:_The_Lytic_and_Lysogenic_Cycles_of_Bacteriophages" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "21.2C:_Animal_Viruses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "21.2D:_Plant_Viruses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()" }, { "21.01:_Viral_Evolution_Morphology_and_Classification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "21.02:_Virus_Infections_and_Hosts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "21.03:_Prevention_and_Treatment_of_Viral_Infections" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "21.04:_Prions_and_Viroids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "authorname:boundless", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "columns:two", "cssprint:dense", "licenseversion:40" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_General_Biology_(Boundless)%2F21%253A_Viruses%2F21.02%253A_Virus_Infections_and_Hosts%2F21.2C%253A_Animal_Viruses, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 21.2B: The Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of Bacteriophages, Describe various animal viruses and the diseases they cause. is true? Why would viruses ever use RNA(-) if all it does is provide extra work to turn it into RNA(+)? It is typical of temperate phages to be latent or inactive within the cell. To liberate free phages, the bacterial cell wall is disrupted by phage proteins such as holin or lysozyme. When this occurs enough times, the cell is unable to function properly and dies, releasing the prions to contact other cells where the process is repeated until the organism dies (usually from extensive brain damage). The phylogenetic classification of bacteria is based on. significantly contributing to the accumulation of oxygen gas? In a lysogenic cycle, the phage genome also enters the cell through attachment and penetration. Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched? rafting trip, the family had consumed crayfish that they caught along In the case of subsequent offences, the offender faces a fine of up to $20,000 and/or imprisonment of up to 2 years. b.The genome of animal viruses is always single-stranded. herpesvirus 3)? On September 15, nine days before he showed up at the hospital in Dallas, Duncan had helped transport an Ebola-stricken neighbor to a hospital in Liberia. The life cycle begins with the penetration of the virus into the host cell. Direct link to Isabella Dudek's post Does (-) sense RNA have , Posted 6 years ago. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo Which does NOT have flagella? infections can persist for years in an individual without causing If a patient is diagnosed with a peptic ulcer, which genus of Later that month, the WHO released a report on the ethics of treating patients with the drug. Ethologists say a sense of right and wrong may be evident in the former animal, but not the latter. helminth eggs, and serum samples were positive for antibodies to Eukarya) rather than in a fourth separate domain? You suspect the organism is in the group. shown. Some make us sick for a day or two before going away, while others are lifelong. microorganisms. cells. These changes, called cytopathic effects, can change cell functions or even destroy the cell. becoming a physical part of the chromosome. -Viruses contain a protein coat. the following? Which line on the graph in the figure would show the number of viruses For example, the citrus tristeza virus infects only a few plants of the Citrus genus, whereas the cucumber mosaic virus infects thousands of plants of various plant families. Why do most scientists agree that viruses are nonliving entities? During the lysogenic cycle, instead of killing the host, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and becomes part of the host. citation tool such as, Authors: Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, Anh-Hue Thi Tu, Philip Lister, Brian M. Forster. -Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Human the period during replication when virions are not The chief difference that next appears in the viral growth curve compared to a bacterial growth curve occurs when virions are released from the lysed host cell at the same time. (credit: modification of work by NIAID, NIH), (a) Varicella-zoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, has an enveloped icosahedral capsid visible in this transmission electron micrograph. without a capsid. In the table, which disinfectant is the most effective at stopping Diploid cell culture lines, developed from human embryos, are widely used for culturing viruses that require a human host. -Polysaccharides None contracted the disease. CH 13 HW Flashcards | Quizlet figure would the patient show the symptoms of the illness? c.Enveloped viruses are surrounded by a lipid and carbohydrate coat, which is made from the host cell's. About 10 to 12 days postinfection, the disease resolves and the virus goes dormant, living within nerve-cell ganglia for years. Animal virus genomes consist of either RNA or DNA, which may be single-stranded or double-stranded. both humans and crayfish are intermediate hosts. -Capsid proteins are produced in the cytoplasm. Which of the following disinfectants acts by disrupting the plasma membrane. reproduce. plants. concentrations for survival? lysogeny, the viral DNA is present as a circular plasmid. be determined based on the information provided. dsDNA and proteinaceous trail. Most of us are familiar with the term virus and know viruses as disease causing agents, transmitted from one person or animal to another. HIV, an enveloped, icosahedral retrovirus, attaches to a cell surface receptor of an immune cell and fuses with the cell membrane. In what two ways can a virus manage to maintain a persistent infection? present in this person as a 60-year-old with shingles (human Lesions present when the bandages were removed Once the lysogenic During this time, the virus does not kill the nerve cells or continue replicating. prior to the assembly stage? called a. The basic mechanism of viral multiplication is similar for all viruses. Image modified from ". are licensed under a, Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, Unique Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells, Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria and Phototrophic Bacteria, Isolation, Culture, and Identification of Viruses, Using Biochemistry to Identify Microorganisms, Other Environmental Conditions that Affect Growth, Using Microbiology to Discover the Secrets of Life, Structure and Function of Cellular Genomes, How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity, Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics, Microbes and the Tools of Genetic Engineering, Visualizing and Characterizing DNA, RNA, and Protein, Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, Using Physical Methods to Control Microorganisms, Using Chemicals to Control Microorganisms, Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, History of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Discovery, Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, Virulence Factors of Eukaryotic Pathogens, Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response, Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Production, Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, Protozoan and Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections, Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, Fungal and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System, Fundamentals of Physics and Chemistry Important to Microbiology, Taxonomy of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms. The genome of animal viruses is always single-stranded. I hope this helps :), They do nto steal, they usually steal host reproductive. can be distinguished from other These include well-known viruses such as influenza virus, measles virus, mumps virus, rabies virus, and Ebola virus (Fig. A definitive host harbors which stage of a parasite? However, once an infected individual begins exhibiting symptoms, the disease becomes very contagious. It then hijacks the host cell to replicate, transcribe, and translate the necessary viral components (capsomeres, sheath, base plates, tail fibers, and viral enzymes) for the assembly of new viruses. This page titled 21.2C: Animal Viruses is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Boundless. Table. This allows the virus to escape elimination by the immune system and persist in individuals for years, while continuing to produce low levels of progeny virions in what is known as a chronic viral disease. As mentioned, herpes simplex virus can remain in a state of latency in nervous tissue for months, even years. Since the phage is integrated into the host genome, the prophage can replicate as part of the host. killed. During the The presence of the phage may alter the phenotype of the bacterium, since it can bring in extra genes (e.g., toxin genes that can increase bacterial virulence). Figure 2.5. complexes. presence of Rickettsias differ from chlamydias in that rickettsias. Some viral infections follow the classic pattern of, Other viruses, such as the hepatitis C virus, cause long-term. For example the prion that causes CreutzfeldtJakob disease? There are three Assume a patient had chickenpox (human herpesvirus 3) as a child. One of the craziest-looking (to me, at least) is the Ebola virus, which has a long, thread-like structure that loops back on itself. microscopy. consent of Rice University. The various mechanisms that HIV uses to avoid being cleared by the immune system are also used by other chronically infecting viruses, including the hepatitis C virus. lytic stage. Two days later, Duncan returned to the hospital by ambulance. Ebola is incurable and deadly. Animal viruses, unlike the viruses of plants and bacteria, do not have to penetrate a cell wall to gain access to the host cell. denaturing microbial cell proteins. What do all viruses have in common concerning their in vitro cultivation? Virus - Britannica Viruses are saprophytic. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Types of Influenza Viruses | CDC If the viral genome is RNA, a different mechanism must be used. Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? briefly explain the situation below. During the eclipse phase, Duncan would have been unable to transmit the disease to others. Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Vigorous debate is integral to science and that's what we have seen regarding the origins of SARS-CoV-2. Despite being a small island, Singapore is home to a wide range of biodiversity. At this point in time, scientists believe the vast majority of the This change in the host phenotype is called lysogenic conversion or phage conversion. There . There are viruses that are capable of remaining hidden or dormant inside the cell in a process called latency. There are two types of transduction: generalized and specialized transduction. Examples of viruses that cause latent infections include herpes simplex virus (oral and genital herpes), varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox and shingles), and Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis). antiseptic and a disinfectant. Or should the drugs perhaps be reserved for health-care providers working to contain the disease? Bacteriophages (article) | Viruses - Khan Academy | Free Online Courses Animal viruses have their genetic material copied by a host cell after which they are released into the environment to cause disease. Viral infection can be asymptomatic (latent) or can lead to cell death (lytic infection). They require a host in order to with host cell function. On the other hand, is it ethical to withhold potentially life-saving drugs from dying patients? Introduction to Animal Viruses - PMC Direct link to Arki's post Ss-Rna can be of negative, Posted 6 years ago. Some of them follow the classic pattern of acute disease, where symptoms worsen for a short period followed by the elimination of the virus from the body by the immune system with eventual recovery from the infection. The virus now can remain in the host for a long time to establish a chronic infection. Skip to main content An official website of the United States government . Once released, this virion will then inject the former hosts DNA into a newly infected host. Animal & human viruses (article) | Viruses | Khan Academy Creative Commons Attribution License Which of the following types of macromolecules are found in all viruses? According to the Foundation for Biomedical Research, an organization in Washington, D.C., that promotes public understanding and support for research using animals, 454 illegal animal-rights-related incidents were reported worldwide from 2003 to 2007, compared with . The process in which a bacterium is infected by a temperate phage is called lysogeny. A patient may be unaware that he or she is carrying the virus unless a viral diagnostic test has been performed. Plant viruses may have a narrow or broad host range. Into which group would you place a multicellular organism that has a Which of the following is necessary for replication of a prion? Many viruses are host specific, meaning they only infect a certain type of host; and most viruses only infect certain types of cells within tissues. The characteristic most notable regarding the mycoplasmas is that they. Concept explainers Question Which of the following statements concerning antigenic drift in influenza viruses is correct? Intro to viruses (article) | Viruses | Khan Academy Viral contents are released into the cell, where viral enzymes convert the single-stranded RNA genome into DNA and incorporate it into the host genome. HIV life cycle. Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? Animal viruses do not always express their genes using the normal flow of genetic informationfrom DNA to RNA to protein. During lysogeny, the viral genome integrates into the host DNA, becoming a physical part of the chromosome As a result of this type of replicative cycle, appearances of cold sores and genital herpes outbreaks only occur intermittently, even though the viruses remain in the nervous tissue for life. Viruses can be classified according to the. View Available Hint (s) The genome of animal viruses is always single-stranded Retroviruses use Enveloped viruses are surrounded by a lipid and carbohydrate coat which is made from the host cell's plasma membrane Capsid proteins are produced in the cytoplasm an enzyme called reverse weeks, with and without preservatives, is shown below: A suspension of 106 Bacillus cereus endospores Zoonotic Diseases - Public Health - Merck Veterinary Manual on prednisone fell and received an abrasion on the dorsal side of her He writes about animals, viruses . Glycoprotein spikes are found on the capsids of all viruses. Skin infections are caused by varicella-zoster virus, human herpesvirus 6, smallpox, molluscum contagiosum, human papillomavirus, parvovirus B19, rubella, measles, and coxsackie A virus. Direct link to Skyler S's post what the difference betwe, Posted 6 years ago. accurately be called a(n). Scientist Opens Up About His Early Email to Fauci on Virus Origins The most likely cause of the as part of any of the three domains. An integrated phage excises, bringing with it a piece of the DNA adjacent to its insertion point. but not other animals. decrease effectiveness. Normal cell division of an Which of the following methods is used to preserve food by slowing In the scientific name Enterobacter aerogenes, A bacteriophage, or phage for short, is a virus that infects bacteria. The prophage takes an antibiotic resistance gene with it and is packaged with the newly synthesized viral DNA. (credit a: modification of work by Erskine Palmer and B.G. Borrelia is classified as a spirochete because it. Learning Objectives T-even phage is a good example of a well-characterized class of virulent phages. The RdRP is brought in by the virus and can be used to make +ssRNA from the original ssRNA genome. kills and red tides. Microbiology Assignment 6 Flashcards | Quizlet