noun all of the living human inhabitants of the earth synonyms: human race, humanity, humankind, humans, man, mankind, world see more Cite this entry Style: MLA "Human beings." Vocabulary.com Dictionary, Vocabulary.com, https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/human beings. [58] They eventually traded with each other and invented technology such as wheels, plows and sails. [81][82], Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Europe entered the Middle Ages. [217] Around ten thousand years ago, humans developed agriculture,[218][219][220] which substantially altered their diet. It is particularly in the writings of these and other bioethicists that so much incorrect science is claimed in order to "scientifically" ground the "pre-embryo" myth and therefore "scientifically" justify many of the issues noted at the beginning of this article. Some of this ancestry is thought to originate from admixture with an unknown archaic hominin that diverged before the split of Neanderthals and modern humans. [239], Human hair ranges in color from red to blond to brown to black, which is the most frequent. Peter Singer, "Taking life: Abortion," in Practical Ethics (London: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 118; Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, "For sometimes lettingand helpingdie," Law, Medicine and Health Care, 1986, 3:4:149-153; Kuhse and Singer, Should the Baby Live? The number of oogonia increases to nearly seven million by the middle of prenatal life, after which it diminishes to about two million at birth. Copy citation VocabTrainer Think you know quartet? [242] Skin darkening may have evolved as protection against ultraviolet solar radiation. Thus, for fertilization to be accomplished, a mature sperm and a mature human oocyte are needed. [122] Through advanced tools, humans have been able to extend their tolerance to a wide variety of temperatures, humidity, and altitudes. [279], There are some traits that, although not strictly unique, do set humans apart from other animals. "35 (Emphasis added. [270] Women have lighter skin than men of the same population; this has been explained by a higher need for vitamin D in females during pregnancy and lactation. 3-21. Traditionally this has been explained by conflicting, last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, short stature and stocky build in cold regions, variation exists between males and females, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, practiced by virtually all known human cultures, international political organizations and alliances, "We don't know which species should be classed as 'human', "Know Thyself: Responsible Science and the Lectotype of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758", "Misconceptions about evolution Understanding Evolution", University of Missouri School of Medicine, "Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets", "Human Chromosome 2 is a fusion of two ancestral chromosomes", "Hominin Taxonomy and Phylogeny: What's In A Name? But quoting once again from ORahilly: "The theory that successive stages of individual development (ontogeny) correspond with (recapitulate) successive adult ancestors in the line of evolutionary descent (phylogeny) became popular in the 19th century as the so-called biogenetic law. To begin with, it has been demonstrated above that the immediate product of fertilization is a human being with 46 chromosomes, a human embryo, an individual member of the human species, and that this is the beginning of the embryonic period. [400] This accumulated knowledge can be tested to answer questions or make predictions about how the universe functions and has been very successful in advancing human ascendancy. They produce only "gamete" proteins and enzymes. Humans began exhibiting behavioral modernity about 160,00060,000 years ago. Therefore, they argue, there is no "individual" present until 14-days and the formation of the primitive streak, after which twinning cannot take place.30. Each somatic cell has two sets of 23 chromosomes, each set received from one parent; gametes have only one set of chromosomes, which is a mixture of the two parental sets. [430][431] Ethnicity is separate from the concept of race, which is based on physical characteristics, although both are socially constructed. In normal situations, pregnancy begins at fertilization, not at implantation. [158][159], Humans have a far faster and more accurate throw than other animals. However, McCormick and Grobstein24 claim that even though the product of fertilization is genetically human, it is not a "developmental individual" yetand in turn, this "scientific fact" grounds their moral claim about this "pre-embryo." What Is a Human Being? - Life, Hope and Truth human being: 1 n any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage Synonyms: homo , human , man Types: show 13 types. The abortion pill RU486 also destroys the conceptus by interrupting implantation because of interference with the hormonal environment of the implanting embryo. "13 (Emphasis added.). Human groups range from the size of families to nations. Males on average are 15% heavier and 15cm (6in) taller than females. The embryonic period proper during which the vast majority of the named structures of the body appear, occupies the first 8 postovulatory weeks. Human being Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster The product of fertilization is a living human being with 46 chromosomes. Quoting Moore: "Although it is customary to divide human development into prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) periods, birth is merely a dramatic event during development resulting in a change in environment. 3-11; Moore and Persaud, op. Learn a new word every day. The relationship between all these changes is the subject of ongoing debate. For other uses, see. Quoting ORahilly: "Prenatal life is conveniently divided into two phases: the embryonic and the fetal. 12. They have a high capacity for abstract thinking and are commonly thought to possess a spirit or soul which transcends the physical body. But it roughly goes back to at least 1979 in the bioethics writings of Jesuit theologian Richard McCormick in his work with the Ethics Advisory Board to the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare,18 and those of frog developmental biologist Dr. Clifford Grobstein in a 1979 article in Scientific American,19 and most notably in his classic book, Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures (1988).20 Both McCormick and Grobstein subsequently continued propagating this scientific myth as members of the Ethics Committee of the American Fertility Society, and in numerous influential bioethics articles, leading to its common use in bioethics, theological, and public policy literature to this day. [57] Other major civilizations to develop around this time were Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley Civilisation. 42. Ibid., p. 16. Being also refers to the state of existing. 33. 2. [112][113] The current Information Age sees the world becoming increasingly globalized and interconnected. "27 (Emphasis added.). Humans can survive for up to eight weeks without food and three or four days without water. The expression fertilized ovum refers to a secondary oocyte that is impregnated by a sperm; when fertilization is complete, the oocyte becomes a zygote. [331], Humanity's unprecedented set of intellectual skills were a key factor in the species' eventual technological advancement and concomitant domination of the biosphere. As we will see, that does not occur until a single body axis has begun to form near the end of the second week post fertilization when implantation is underway. Find 64 ways to say LIVING BEING, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Postconception administration of hormones to prevent implantation of the blastocyst is sometimes used in cases of sexual assault or leakage of a condom, but this treatment is contraindicated for routine contraceptive use. [449] Human study of economics is a social science that looks at how societies distribute scarce resources among different people. ", 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960122)61:3<216::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-S, "Genetic Understanding Human Genetic Variation", "The diploid genome sequence of an individual human", "The use of racial, ethnic, and ancestral categories in human genetics research", "Chimps show much greater genetic diversity than humans", "Microsatellite diversity and the demographic history of modern humans", "Still Evolving, Human Genes Tell New Story", "Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human populations", "Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes", "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes", "Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock", "University of Leeds | News > Technology > New 'molecular clock' aids dating of human migration history", "Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females", "Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation", "What is the average baby length? As such, social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, languages, and rituals, each of which bolsters human society. This halving of the number of chromosomes in the oocytes takes place by the process known as meiosis. [185] Humans are able to induce early labor or perform a caesarean section if the child needs to be born earlier for medical reasons. [370] One of the oldest surviving works of literature is the Epic of Gilgamesh, first engraved on ancient Babylonian tablets about 4,000 years ago. Hence a human ovum does not [really] exist. [36][37][38] Genomic research has shown that hybridization between substantially diverged lineages was common in human evolution. [229] However, global food distribution is not even, and obesity among some human populations has increased rapidly, leading to health complications and increased mortality in some developed and a few developing countries. Living things are made up of cells and are capable of carrying out various cellular activities. [301] The human brain perceives the external world through the senses, and each individual human is influenced greatly by his or her experiences, leading to subjective views of existence and the passage of time. [351] Literary arts can include prose, poetry and dramas; while the performing arts generally involve theatre, music and dance. What Is a Sentient Being? Definition and Examples of Sentient Beings [120] Grouping and deliberate habitat alteration is often done with the goals of providing protection, accumulating comforts or material wealth, expanding the available food, improving aesthetics, increasing knowledge or enhancing the exchange of resources. Many people confuse meiosis with a different process known as mitosis, but there is an important difference. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 1991:1:1-15. [289] Dreamers are more likely to remember the dream if awakened during the REM phase. Ultimately, all these cells are discarded at birth. The question as to when a human person begins is a philosophical questionnot a scientific question. 2. But both private choices and public policies should incorporate sound and accurate science whenever possible. It was abandoned with great embarrassment after Platos time (even by Plato himself in his Parmenides! Being is the present participle of be 1 and , be 2 . Developmental studies show that the cells of the outer wall become the trophoblast (feeding layer) and are precursors to the later placenta. [355][356][357] As well as providing entertainment and transferring knowledge, the arts are also used for political purposes. ", "Despite global concerns about democracy, more than half of countries are democratic", "Did Use of Free Trade Cause Neanderthal Extinction? [204] For various reasons, including biological/genetic causes, women live on average about four years longer than men. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Although some scientists equate the term "humans" with all members of the genus Homo, in common usage it generally refers to Homo sapiens, the only extant member. [326][327] While homosexual behavior occurs in some other animals, only humans and domestic sheep have so far been found to exhibit exclusive preference for same-sex relationships. [374] The use and manufacture of tools has been put forward as the ability that defines humans more than anything else[375] and has historically been seen as an important evolutionary step. [189], Compared with other species, human childbirth is dangerous, with a much higher risk of complications and death. Gametogenesis refers to the maturation of germ cells, resulting in gametes. [406] An understanding of mathematics is unique to humans, although other species of animals have some numerical cognition. being noun Fertilization - the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism - is [] As demonstrated in the background material, the immediate product of fertilization is a human being, a human embryo, a human childthe zygote. [79] In West Asia, the Achaemenid Empire's system of centralized governance became the precursor to many later empires,[80] while the Gupta Empire in India and the Han dynasty in China have been described as golden ages in their respective regions. [176] African populations harbor the highest number of private genetic variants. )"16, Myth 6: "The embryo and the embryonic period begin at implantation." [380] The continued improvements in smelting allowed forging of copper, bronze, iron and eventually steel, which is used in railways, skyscrapers and many other products. The question as to when a human person begins is a philosophical question. [155] The average mass of an adult human is 59kg (130lb) for females and 77kg (170lb) for males. This human being immediately produces specifically human proteins and enzymes, directs his/her own further growth and development as human, and is a new, genetically unique, newly existing, live human individual. The world population and population density statistics are updated automatically from a template that uses the CIA World Factbook and United Nations World Population Prospects. et al., The Rights and Wrongs of Abortions, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. [177] By 2010 estimates, humans have approximately 22,000 genes. [208][209] The developed world is generally aging, with the median age around 40 years. A human kidney or liver, a human skin cell, a sperm or an oocyte all possess human life, but they are not human beingsthey are only parts of a human being. [259][260] These non-African populations acquired new genetic inputs from local admixture with archaic populations and have much greater variation from Neanderthals and Denisovans than is found in Africa,[177] though Neanderthal admixture into African populations may be underestimated. [8] The native English term man can refer to the species generally (a synonym for humanity) as well as to human males. [276] These cognitive processes constitute the mind, and, along with their behavioral consequences, are studied in the field of psychology. "32 (Emphasis added.). "10 (Emphasis added.). [28], The "out of Africa" migration took place in at least two waves, the first around 130,000 to 100,000 years ago, the second (Southern Dispersal) around 70,000 to 50,000 years ago. A human being; a real and living person Possessing the power of thought and choice May also be a legal person, and perform the organization's functions Lives for a limited period, meaning he or she will die at some point This change in diet may also have altered human biology; with the spread of dairy farming providing a new and rich source of food, leading to the evolution of the ability to digest lactose in some adults. [390] Religion can include a belief in life after death (commonly involving belief in an afterlife),[391] the origin of life,[392] the nature of the universe (religious cosmology) and its ultimate fate (eschatology), and what is moral or immoral. In fact, it does not reduce its number of chromosomes until and unless it is fertilized by the sperm, during which process the definitive oocyte becomes a secondary oocyte with only 23 chromosomes.4. sapiens. ; the female gametes derived from oogonia. Some philosophers divide consciousness into phenomenal consciousness, which is sensory experience itself, and access consciousness, which can be used for reasoning or directly controlling actions. [451], Humans commit violence on other humans at a rate comparable to other primates, but have an increased preference for killing adults, infanticide being more common among other primates. [253][254][255] Dark-skinned populations that are found in Africa, Australia, and South Asia are not closely related to each other. Long-distance trade routes might have led to cultural explosions and resource distribution that gave humans an advantage over other similar species. [317] Happiness, or the state of being happy, is a human emotional condition. It can be impersonal (the love of an object, ideal, or strong political or spiritual connection) or interpersonal (love between humans). [77][78] In Africa, the Kingdom of Aksum overtook the declining Kingdom of Kush and facilitated trade between India and the Mediterranean. [302] The nature of thought is central to psychology and related fields. Emotion has a significant influence on human behavior and their ability to learn. The classes are ranked, however, with people ranking above animals. [330] When in love dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and other chemicals stimulate the brain's pleasure center, leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Life | Definition, Origin, Evolution, Diversity, & Facts | Britannica Childbirth is dangerous, with a high risk of complications and death. And since the whole human blastocyst is the embryonic human beingnot just the inner cell layerthe use of chemical abortifacients that act "only" on the outer trophoblast layer of the blastocyst, e.g., methotrexate,37 would be abortifacient as well. [296] It is sometimes synonymous with 'the mind', and at other times, an aspect of it. Spiritually, humans have historically formed religious associations, characterized by belief in God, gods, or spirits, and by various traditions and rituals.Many religious perspectives emphasize soul, spirit, qi, or atman as the essence of a human being, with many holding that this inner essence survives the death of the physical body.For many, it is this inner essence that explains the unique . ", "Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex", "Life expectancy at birth, female (years)", "Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century", "Human eating behaviour in an evolutionary ecological context", "Double Cropping the Earliest Agriculture", "The gourmet ape: evolution and human food preferences", "How Long Can a Person Survive without Food? Stem cell research obtains its "stem cells" by essentially exploding or otherwise destroying and killing a newly existing human blastocyst who is, scientifically, an existing human being. Living things - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary Moore and Persaud, p. 2; see also Jones, p. 177. Volition may also be involved, in which case willpower is also a factor. ", American Institute of Biological Sciences, "Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene", "Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture", "The southern route "out of Africa": evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia", "Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society: an update", "Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia", "Neanderthal genomics and the evolution of modern humans", "The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic humans", "Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China", "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago", "Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication", "Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group", "Prehistoric innovations: Wheels and wheeled vehicles", "Building the Great Pyramid: Probable Construction Methods Employed at Giza", "Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans", "Why ancient Rome matters to the modern world", "Stanford scholar debunks long-held beliefs about economic growth in ancient Greece", "The Role of Solar Observations in Developing the Preclassic Maya Calendar", "Investigating the eastern edge of the kingdom of Aksum: architecture and pottery from Wakarida", "Klidsa and the Attitudes of the Golden Age", "Pillars of Heaven: The Symbolic Function of Column and Bracket Sets in the Han Dynasty", "Climate and the Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire: A Bibliometric View on an Interdisciplinary Approach to Answer a Most Classic Historical Question", "The Tongan Maritime Expansion: A Case in the Evolutionary Ecology of Social Complexity", "The Culture of Travel in Edo-Period Japan", "Islamic Education at Mughal Kingdom in India (15261857)", "International Financial Centers: The British-Empire, City-States and Commercially Oriented Politics", "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature", "Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century", "The worldwide economic impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 17931815", "British History in depth: Slavery and the 'Scramble for Africa', "The Australian Frontier Wars, 17881838 (review)", "Sputnik, the space race, and the Cold War", "The Nuclear Arms Race: Prisoner's Dilemma or Perceptual Dilemma? Furthermore, twinning can take place after 14 days. Sounds very scientific. Oddly, the influential book by Singer, Kuhse, Buckle, and Dawson, Embryo Experimentation,22 (which uses the term "pre-embryo," and which contains no scientific references for its "human embryology" chart or its list of "scientific" terms), along with the work of theologian McCormick and frog developmental biologist Grobstein, was used in the United States as the scientific basis for the 1994 National Institutes of Heath (NIH) Human Embryo Research Report.23 That Report concluded that the "preimplantation embryo" (they, too, originally used the term "pre-embryo") had only a "reduced moral status." Since scientists, in trying to "reach" young students in a more familiar language, sometimes use popularized (but scientifically inaccurate and misleading) terms themselves, the ever-vigilant ORahilly expresses concern in his classic text about the use of the term "fetal membranes": "The developmental adnexa, commonly but inaccurately referred to as the fetal membranes, include the trophoblast, amnion, chorion, umbilical vesicle (yolk sac), allantoic diverticulum, placenta and umbilical cord. Holtzer et al., "Induction-dependent and lineage-dependent models for cell-diversification are mutually exclusive," Progress in Clinical Biological Research 175:3-11 (1985); also similar work by, e.g., F. Mavilio, C. Hart. The Problem of Handicapped Infants (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 138; Singer and Kuhse, "The ethics of embryo research," Law, Medicine and Health Care, 1987, 14:13-14; Michael Tooley, "Abortion and infanticide," in Marshall Cohen (ed.) [352][353] Humans often combine the different forms (for example, music videos). During the differentiation of gametes, diploid cells (those with a double set of chromosomes, as found in somatic cells [46 chromosomes]) are termed primary, and haploid cells (those with a single set of chromosomes [23 chromosomes]) are called secondary. [314] Acting on extreme or uncontrolled emotions can lead to social disorder and crime,[315] with studies showing criminals may have a lower emotional intelligence than normal. It includes having good mental health, high life satisfaction, a sense of meaning or purpose, and the ability to manage stress.. The most commonly defined body systems in humans are the nervous, the cardiovascular, the digestive, the endocrine, the immune, the integumentary, the lymphatic, the musculoskeletal, the reproductive, the respiratory, and the urinary system. [291], Human consciousness, at its simplest, is sentience or awareness of internal or external existence. 22. Fact 11: This "scientific" myth is yet another version of the "potential," "possible," "pre-embryo" myths. [202][203], The life span of an individual depends on two major factors, genetics and lifestyle choices. However, they too are "scientific" myths. [21] H. erectus (the African variant is sometimes called H. ergaster) evolved 2 million years ago and was the first archaic human species to leave Africa and disperse across Eurasia. [311][312] They are often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, creativity,[313] and motivation. Human beings - definition of human beings by The Free Dictionary [111] Following its conclusion in 1945, the Cold War between the USSR and the United States saw a struggle for global influence, including a nuclear arms race and a space race. We believe that we have to try to understand life and get a grip on the many faces of life, because it can be of great value to us to learn to recognize the fundamental principles of how life . [14][15] During this split, chromosome 2 was formed from the joining of two other chromosomes, leaving humans with only 23 pairs of chromosomes, compared to 24 for the other apes. 1) Gametogenesis Furthermore, during its development an animal departs more and more from the form of other animals. From oogonium to secondary oocyte takes from about 12 to 50 years to be completed. Person definition, a human being, whether an adult or child: The table seats four persons. The human brain, the focal point of the central nervous system in humans, controls the peripheral nervous system. [411] Philosophy relies on reason and evidence, unlike religion, but does not require the empirical observations and experiments provided by science. [415][bettersourceneeded], Human societies typically exhibit gender identities and gender roles that distinguish between masculine and feminine characteristics and prescribe the range of acceptable behaviours and attitudes for their members based on their sex. [190] The size of the fetus's head is more closely matched to the pelvis than other primates. (If the sperm contains 22 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes, the embryo will be a genetic female, and if it contains 22 autosomes and an X and a Y chromosome, the embryo will be a genetic male. cit., pp. Human body | Organs, Systems, Structure, Diagram, & Facts [241][247][248] Much of human variation is continuous, often with no clear points of demarcation. Another suggests that war is a relatively recent phenomenon and has appeared due to changing social conditions. He also sits on the international board of Nomina Embryologica (which determines the correct terminology to be used in human embryology textbooks internationally): "Gametogenesis is the production of [gametes], i.e., spermatozoa and oocytes. I will not go into great detail here,39 but "personhood" begins when the human being beginsat fertilization. "29 (Emphasis added.). They are only partseach one a part of a human being. [365] Dance is also a form of human expression found in all cultures[366] and may have evolved as a way to help early humans communicate. Thus the embryonic period also begins at fertilization, and ends by the end of the eighth week, when the fetal period begins. It is based on their biological claim that the "pre-embryo" is not a developmental individual, and therefore not a person, until after 14 days when twinning can no longer take place. Ethics Advisory Board, 1979, Report and Conclusions: HEW Support of Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer, Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, p. 101. Would they then be considered as only human beings but not also as human persons? In effect, these chemical and mechanical methods of contraception have become methods of abortion as well. Living being - definition of Living being by The Free Dictionary What Does It Mean To Be Human? - BibleProject
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